First-Class Functions

• First class like Integers, strings, and dictionaries

• Higher-Order Functions: A function that takes a function as
  argument or returns a function as the result

  • most common: map, filter, reduce, apply

  • python equvalent: list comprehsive, (sum, all, any), ‘*, **’

• anonymous function: keyword lambda

• Callable Object

  • use callable() built-in to determine

  • functions, methods, class(__new__, __init__), class
    instances(__call__), generator functions

  • implement __call__ to create function-like objects that have
    some internal state

• Attributes of user-defined functions

  • __anaotations__, __name__, __qualname__

  • __call__, __get__

  • __defaults__, __kwdefaults__ …

• From Positional to Keyword-Only Parameters

  • specify keyword-only arguments

  • specify var-lenght positional and kw arguments

• use inspect module to extract the function signature

• The operator Module

• functools Module

  • partial: produces a new callable with some of the arguments of
    the original function fixed

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